Kidney failure is a medical condition characterized by the kidneys’ inability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood effectively. It can lead to severe health complications and requires prompt attention and treatment. Understanding kidney failure symptoms, the underlying causes, and the available treatment options is crucial for managing this condition effectively.

What are the first warning signs of kidney failure?

Many people experience few or no symptoms in the early stages of kidney disease. However, chronic kidney disease (CKD) may still cause damage even though you feel fine.

Kidney failure symptoms vary between people. If your kidneys aren’t working properly, you may notice one or more of the following signs:

• Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion or trouble concentrating
• Swelling (edema), particularly around your hands, ankles or face
• A change in how often you pee
• Cramps (muscle spasms)
• Dry or itchy skin
• Poor appetite, or food may taste metallic

Kidney Failure Treatment Options

Treatment plans for kidney failure vary based on the severity of the condition and may include:

Dialysis

Dialysis is a common treatment for kidney failure, used when kidneys can no longer perform their function. There are two main types of dialysis:

Hemodialysis: This type involves filtering the blood through a machine three times a week.

Peritoneal Dialysis: This method uses the lining of the abdominal cavity to filter the blood and can be done at home.

Kidney Transplant

A kidney transplant is another viable treatment option for those with end-stage kidney failure. This procedure involves surgically placing a healthy kidney from a donor into a recipient. Successful transplants can restore normal kidney function and greatly improve the recipient’s quality of life.

Medications

Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and complications associated with kidney failure, including:

• Blood pressure medications
• Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup
• Erythropoietin stimulating agents to treat anemia

Understanding Kidney Failure

Kidney failure is classified into two main categories: chronic renal failure and acute renal failure. Chronic renal failure develops slowly over time and often progresses through various CKD stages, while acute renal failure can occur rapidly due to an injury or illness.

Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is typically categorized into five stages:

• Stage 1: Mild damage with normal kidney function (GFR > 90)
• Stage 2: Mild damage with slightly decreased function (GFR 60-89)
• Stage 3: Moderate damage with further decreased function (GFR 30-59)
• Stage 4: Severe damage with advanced kidney function loss (GFR 15-29)
• Stage 5: Kidney failure, requiring dialysis or transplant (GFR < 15)

Preventing kidney failure is possible through lifestyle changes and regular medical check-ups. Key recommendations include:

• Monitoring blood pressure and blood sugar levels
• Maintaining a healthy diet low in salt and protein
• Staying hydrated and active

How can I prevent kidney failure?

Though kidney failure and CKD aren’t reversible, you can take steps to help preserve your kidney function. Healthy habits and routines may slow down how quickly your kidneys lose their ability to function.

If you have CKD or kidney failure, it’s a good idea to:

• Monitor your kidney function
• Keep your blood sugar levels in the normal range if you have diabetes
• Keep your blood pressure levels in a normal range
• Avoid using tobacco products
• Avoid foods high in potassium and sodium
• Go to every regularly scheduled appointment with your healthcare provider

Related citation sources： the National Kidney Foundation