Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that affects the way a person perceives others and socializes, leading to problems with socializing and communication. Here are some symptoms of autism and proven interventions and treatments that can help you overcome it.
What is Autism?
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals perceive and interact with the world around them. It is termed a "spectrum" disorder because it encompasses a wide range of symptoms and behaviors, which can vary significantly from person to person. Autism typically manifests in early childhood, and while the exact causes are not fully understood, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Signs and characteristics
The first signs and characteristics of autism (also known as autism spectrum disorder or ASD) can vary widely and appear at different times. Some people on the autism spectrum show signs within the first few months of life. Others don't show signs and characteristics until much later.
Up to 12 months of age, signs of autism can include:
· little or no babbling
· little or no eye contact
· showing more interest in objects than people
· appearing not to hear when spoken to directly
· playing with toys in an unusual or limited manner
· repetitive movements with their fingers, hands, arms or head
· starting to develop language skills but then stopping or losing those skills
Up to 2 years of age, signs may also include:
· very specific area of interest
· limited or no interest in other children
· behavioural issues like self-injury or self-isolation
· repeating words or phrases without appearing to understand them
· difficulty with reciprocal social interactions (like playing peek-a-boo)
· liking to have things a certain way, such as always eating the same food
Common signs of autism in adults include:
· finding it hard to understand what others are thinking or feeling
· getting very anxious about social situations
· finding it hard to make friends or preferring to be on your own
· seeming blunt, rude or not interested in others without meaning to
· finding it hard to say how you feel
· taking things very literally – for example, you may not understand sarcasm or phrases like "break a leg"
· having the same routine every day and getting very anxious if it changes
Possible signs of autism at any age can include:
· little eye contact
· distinct reactions to:
o lights
o tastes
o smells
o sounds
o colours
o textures
· very specific interests
· repeating words or phrases
· repetitive behaviours, such as spinning
· nonverbal communication or delayed language development
· intense reactions to minor changes in routine or surroundings
Treatment and Intervention for Autism
There are many types of treatments available. These treatments generally can be broken down into the following categories, although some treatments involve more than one approach:
Behavioral management therapy
Behavioral therapy is often based on applied behavior analysis (ABA), a widely accepted approach that tracks a child's progress in improving his or her skills.
Different types of ABA commonly used to treat autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include:
· Positive Behavioral and Support (PBS). PBS aims to figure out why a child does a particular problem behavior. It works to change the environment, teach skills, and make other changes that make a correct behavior more positive for the child. This encourages the child to behave more appropriately.
· Pivotal Response Training (PRT). PRT takes place in the child's everyday environment. Its goal is to improve a few "pivotal" skills, such as motivation and taking initiative to communicate. These help the child to learn many other skills and deal with many situations.
· Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI). EIBI provides individualized, behavioral instruction to very young children with ASD. It requires a large time commitment and provides one-on-one or small-group instruction.
· Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT). DTT teaches skills in a controlled, step-by-step way. The teacher uses positive feedback to encourage the child to use new skills.
Developmental approaches
Developmental approaches focus on improving specific developmental skills, such as language skills or physical skills, or a broader range of interconnected developmental abilities. Developmental approaches are often combined with behavioral approaches.
The most common developmental therapy for people with ASD is speech and language therapy. Speech and language therapy helps to improve the person's understanding and use of speech and language. Some people with ASD communicate verbally. Others may communicate through the use of signs, gestures, pictures, or an electronic communication device.
Educational approaches
Educational treatments are given in a classroom setting. One type of educational approach is the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children (TEACCH) approach. TEACCH is based on the idea that people with autism thrive on consistency and visual learning. It provides teachers with ways to adjust the classroom structure and improve academic and other outcomes. For example, daily routines can be written or drawn and placed in clear sight. Boundaries can be set around learning stations. Verbal instructions can be complemented with visual instructions or physical demonstrations.
Social-relational approaches
Social-relational treatments focus on improving social skills and building emotional bonds. Some social-relational approaches involve parents or peer mentors.
· The Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based model (also called DIR or "Floor Time") encourages parents and therapists to follow the interests of the individual to expand opportunities for communication.
· The Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) model involves activities that increase motivation, interest, and abilities to participate in shared social interactions.
· Social Stories provide simple descriptions of what to expect in a social situation.
· Social skills groups provide opportunities for people with ASD to practice social skills in a structured environment.
Pharmacological approaches
Some medications treat co-occurring symptoms (those that happen along with ASD) and can help people with ASD function better. For example, medication might help manage high energy levels, inability to focus, or self-harming behavior, such as head banging or hand biting. Medication can also help manage co-occurring psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, in addition to medical conditions such as seizures, sleep problems, or stomach or other gastrointestinal problems.
It is important to work with a doctor who has experience in treating people with ASD when considering the use of medication. This applies to both prescription medication and over-the-counter medication. Individuals, families, and doctors must work together to monitor progress and reactions to be sure any negative side effects of the medication do not outweigh the benefits.
Psychological approaches
Psychological approaches can help people with ASD cope with anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is one psychological approach that focuses on learning the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. During CBT, a therapist and the individual work together to identify goals and then change how the person thinks about a situation to change how they react to the situation.
Complementary and alternative treatments
Some people with ASD and their families use treatments that do not fit into any of the other categories. These treatments are known as complementary and alternative treatments. Complementary and alternative treatments are often used to supplement more traditional approaches. They might include special diets, herbal supplements, chiropractic care, animal therapy, arts therapy, mindfulness, or relaxation therapies. Individuals and families should always talk to their doctor before starting a complementary and alternative treatment.
Resources
For more information on ASD treatment options, please check out these additional resources:
· American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children with Disabilities
· Autism Society
· Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC)
· National Institute on Child Health and Human Development
Autism is a multifaceted condition that presents unique challenges and strengths for each individual. Early diagnosis and tailored interventions can significantly impact the lives of those with autism, helping them develop essential skills and lead fulfilling lives. Understanding autism and advocating for appropriate support can foster a more inclusive society for individuals on the autism spectrum.
